they have been modified or slightly altered before being moulded together. You will have some rules sufficient to guide you with your present knowledge about those changes which take place when an English word is formed from one or more Greek words. 1. The reversed comma (‘) over a letter or syllable, which shows that they are aspirated: thus, ἵππος = hippos. N.B.—This aspirate is often changed into the letter s in the English words derived from Greek words which